1. by:

　　l)在……旁边，从……旁边：

　　Come over here and stand by me.

　　过来站在我旁边。

　　He put it on the table by the window.

　　他把它放在窗边的那张桌子上。

　　He passed by me without noticing me.

　　他从我身旁走旅，但是没看到我。

　　2)到(某时候):

　　Perhaps she has recovered by now.

　　现在她或许已经痊愈了。

　　The sun had set by this time.

　　到这时太阳己经落山了。

　　Just be here by eight.

　　八点前到这里。

　　3)由(被)(某人干的):

　　The postman was bitten by the dog.

　　邮差给狗咬了?

　　Who is that book by?

　　这书是谁写的?

　　The play was written by a student.

　　这个剧本是一个学生写的。

　　4)以(某种伐式):

　　We learn to swim by swimming.

　　我们在游泳中学游泳。

　　Please let me know by telegram.

　　请以电报通知我。

　　Don’t judge a man by his clothes.

　　不要以衣着判断人。

　　5)乘坐(车、船等):

　　I came by bus(subway).

　　我是坐公共汽车(地铁)来的。

　　We are going by the 9:30 train.

　　我们坐九点三十的火车去。

　　I prefer to go by plane (boat).

　　我宁愿坐飞机(船)去。

　　6)在(本性、职业)上：

　　She is generous by nature.

　　她天生很慷慨。

　　He was tolerant by temperament.

　　他性格很宽容。

　　I am not an actor by profession.

　　我不是职业演员。

　　7)表示程度尺寸等：

　　Total commodity stocks grew by 4.5 percent.

　　商品总库存量增长了百分之四点五。

　　Fares have been increased by 10%.

　　票价上涨了百分之十。

　　The room is thirty feet by twenty.

　　这间房长二十英尺，宽二十英尺。