It's hard to read Fischer and Osaranu's study and not be just a little bit alarmed,

在读过费舍和奥若萨鲁的报告后，很难再认为这只是个小小的警告，

because a hint is the hardest kind of request to decode and the easiest to refuse.

因为暗示是一种最不容易被理解的要求，

In the 1982 Air Florida crash outside Washington, DC,

同时又最容易被拒绝。在1982年发生的华盛顿特区以外的佛罗里达航班坠机事件中，

the first official tried three times to tell the captain that the plane had a dangerous amount ice on its wings.

副驾曾经三次试图向机长说明，机翼上的薄冰会使飞机处于危险之中。

But listen to how he says it.

但是听听他是怎样说的，

It's all hints:

每一次都在使用暗示的方式。

First official: Look at how the ice is just hanging on his, ah, back, back there, see that?

副驾：“看看，冰怎么会挂在那，啊，后面，就在后面，看到吗？”

Then: First official tries again.

然后副驾又说了一遍。

See all those icicles on the back there and everything?

“后面有很多冰柱，看到了吗？”

And then: Boy, this is a, this is a losing battle here on trying de-ice those things,

第三次，副驾说：“天啊，这场，这场除冰的斗争中我们输掉了，

it gives you a false feeling of security, that's all that does.

这会带来安全上的错觉，都是因为除冰失败造成的。”

Finally, as they get clearance for take off, the first official upgrades two notches to a crew suggestion:

最后当他们接到指令说可以起飞时，副驾提高了两个提出建议的层次，提升到队员建议，

Let's check those wing tops again, since we've been sitting here a while.

副驾说：“让我们再检查一下机翼顶端，既然我们还要再等一下。”

Captain: I think we get to go here in a minute.

机长说：“我认为我们要在一分钟之内到达指定地点。”

The last thing the first official says to the captain,

副驾对机长说的最后一件事，

It's a simple statement of fact- and this time the captain agrees with him.

只是简单的事实陈述，在那一刻机长也同意了他的看法。

First Official: Larry, we're going down, Larry.

副驾说：“拉里，我们在下沉，拉里。”

Captain: I know it.

机长说到：“我知道。”

Mitigation explains one of the great anomalies of plane crashes.

舒缓语气使我们了解了飞机失事中最无法解释的原因之一。

In commercial airlines, captains and first officials split the flying duties equally.

在商用飞机中，机长和副驾承担的飞行职责是相等的。

But historically, crashes have been far more likely to happen when the captain is in the "flying seat."

但是，从以往的记录来看，通常机长执行飞行任务的时候，事故出现的频率更多。

At first that seems to make no sense, since the captain is almost almost the pilot with the most experience.

这个结论会让大家觉得不可思议，因为机长通常是经验最丰富的飞行员。

But think about the Air Florida crash.

但是想想佛罗里达的航班坠机事件，

If the first official had been the captain, would he have hinted three times?

如果副驾处在机长的位置，他还需要做出三次暗示吗？

No, he would have commanded- and the plane wouldn't have crashed.

不，他可能会立即下达命令——那么飞机就不会坠落。

Planes are safer when the least experienced pilot is flying because it means the second pilot isn't going to be afraid to speak up.

由经验不是很丰富的人来驾驶飞机其实更安全，因为这意味着副驾不会过多顾虑上下级关系，直接讲出危险。