[00:03.27]1999 [00:06.37](1) [00:08.58]of history as there are historians, [00:11.20]modern practice most closely conforms to one [00:14.13]that sees history as the attempt to recreate [00:17.35]and explain the significant events of the past.> [00:20.78]Caught in the web of its own time and place, [00:23.50]each generation of historians determines anew [00:26.33]what is significant for it in the past. [00:29.26]In this search the evidence found [00:31.17]is always incomplete and scattered; [00:33.40]it is also frequently partial or partisan. [00:36.71]The irony of the historian's craft [00:38.90]is that its practitioners [00:40.42]always know that their efforts [00:42.24]are but contributions to an unending process. [00:45.77](2) [00:47.59]has arisen less through external challenge [00:50.10]to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline [00:53.94]and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.> [00:58.07]While history once revered [00:59.61]its affinity to literature and philosophy, [01:02.96]the emerging social sciences [01:04.67]seemed to afford greater opportunities [01:06.98]for asking new questions [01:08.69]and providing rewarding approaches [01:10.41]to an understanding of the past. [01:13.14]Social science methodologies [01:14.75]had to be adapted to a discipline governed [01:17.67]by the primacy of historical sources [01:20.32]rather than the imperatives of the contemporary world. [01:23.96](3) [01:25.06]traditional historical methods were augmented [01:27.58]by additional methodologies designed to interpret [01:30.71]the new forms of evidence in the historical study.> [01:34.09]Methodology is a term that remains inherently ambiguous [01:37.72]in the historical profession. [01:39.83](4) [01:41.04]whether methodology refers to [01:42.75]the concepts peculiar to historical work in general [01:46.38]or to the research techniques appropriate [01:48.60]to the various branches of historical inquiry.> [01:51.93]Historians, especially those so blinded [01:54.45]by their research interests [01:56.16]that they have been accused of "tunnel method," [01:59.18]frequently fall victim to the "technicist fallacy." [02:02.82]Also common in the natural sciences, [02:05.62]the technicist fallacy mistakenly identifies [02:08.04]the discipline as a whole [02:10.06]with certain parts of its technical implementation. [02:13.18](5) [02:15.90]who view history as only the external [02:18.22]and internal criticism of sources, [02:20.84]and to social science historians [02:22.75]who equate their activity with specific techniques.>

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