[00:0.23]2007 [00:01.52]By 1830 the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independent nations. [00:07.52]The roughly 20 million inhabitants of these nations looked hopefully to the future. [00:13.94]Born in the crisis of the old regime and Iberian Colonialism, [00:18.41]many of the leaders of independence [00:21.13]shared the ideals of representative government, [00:24.76]careers open to talent, freedom of commerce and trade, the right to private property, [00:31.03]and a belief in the individual as the basis of society. [00:36.15]Generally there was a belief that the new nations [00:39.90]should be sovereign and independent states, [00:43.50]large enough to be economically viable [00:46.44]and integrated by a common set of laws. [00:50.52]On the issue of freedom of religion and the position of the church, [00:55.38]however , there was less agreement among the leadership. [00:58.94]Roman Catholicism had been the state religion [01:02.61]and the only one allowed by the Spanish crown, [01:07.13]While most leaders sought to maintain Catholicism [01:10.60]as the official religion of the new states, [01:13.40]some sought to end the exclusion of other faiths. [01:18.17]The defense of the Church became a rallying cry [01:21.68]for the conservative forces. [01:22.50] [01:24.45]The ideals of the early leaders of independence were often egalitarian, [01:29.96]valuing equality of everything. [01:32.91]Bolivar had received aid from Haiti and had promised in return [01:37.71]to abolish slavery in the areas he liberated. [01:41.71]By 1854 slavery had been abolished everywhere except Spain’s remaining colonies. [01:48.57]Early premise to end Indian tribute and taxes on people of mixed origin came much slower [01:55.82]because the new nations still needed the revenue [02:00.13]such policies produced Egalitarian sentiments were often tempered [02:05.13]by fears that the mass of the population [02:07.96]was unprepared for self-rule and democracy.

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