The author： discuss introduce argue conclude suggest recommend propose appeal

　　The speaker：

　　1.point out say tell

　　2.disagree disapprove refute rebut reject object to oppose counter

　　3.doubt question challenge

　　4.cite mention quote refer to

　　5.suggest put forward illustrate show explain

　　反驳关联套句

　　1.This directly contradicts what the passage indicates.

　　2.This is entirely oppose to the writer’s expectation.

　　3.This is where the speaker disagrees with the writer.

　　4.This was another part where experience contradicted theory.

　　5.not as the passage puts it， ….

　　6.Unlike described in the passage

　　7.contrary to the passage， …/quite the contrary， …/quite the opposite，…/just the opposite， …/ by contraries， …/on the contrary， …/to the contrary， …

　　8.while/whereas the writer states….， the lecturer opposes the claim

　　9.actually/in fact/in deed

　　10.The fact is …/the point is…/it turns out that…

　　指代文章信息的抽象名词：

　　1.reason cause basis ground motive motivation

　　2.example instance

　　3.evidence date fact proof basis foundation

　　4.explanation account

　　5.definition description clarification

　　6.assumption premise hypothesis guess

　　7.conclusion belidf idea opinion judgment view notion argument theory

　　8.issue matter topic problem subject concern

　　9.acknowledgement observation

　　10.statement point detail

　　11.advice appeal proposal plan scheme recommendation

　　12.benefit advantage improvement

　　指代讲座信息的抽象名词

　　1.studies researches

　　2.finding discovery

　　3.alternative explanation theory

　　4.counter-example counter-evidence

　　5.claim assertion

　　6.objection refutation charge

　　7.remark comment