1.结合具体题目，对作者结论和论据进行简要重述;

　　2.结合具体题目下方的指令 (instructions)，对你下文将要写的点进行概述。

　　「结尾段」通常写 1~2 句话即可，具体内容包括：

　　1.结合具体题目，对你上文所写的点进行简单总结;

　　2.结合题目，适当提出解决办法 / 建议。

　　接下来以 GRE Argument 题库中第 81 题(关于吞拿鱼罐头致头晕)为例，具体讲解一下开头段和结尾段的写法：

　　The following appeared in a business magazine.

　　"As a result of numerous complaints of dizziness and nausea on the part of consumers of Promofoods tuna, the company requested that eight million cans of its tuna be returned for testing. Promofoods concluded that the canned tuna did not, after all, pose a health risk. This conclusion is based on tests performed on samples of the recalled cans by chemists from Promofoods; the chemists found that of the eight food chemicals most commonly blamed for causing symptoms of dizziness and nausea, five were not found in any of the tested cans. The chemists did find small amounts of the three remaining suspected chemicals but pointed out that these occur naturally in all canned foods."

　　Write a response in which you discuss what questions would need to be addressed in order to decide whether the conclusion and the argument on which it is based are reasonable. Be sure to explain how the answers to the questions would help to evaluate the conclusion.

　　作者的结论是：

　　canned tuna did not pose a health risk

　　作者的论据就是文中提到的对召回的金枪鱼罐头的检测情况：

　　1.This conclusion is based on tests performed on samples of the recalled cans by chemists from Promofoods.

　　2.The chemists found that of the eight food chemicals most commonly blamed for causing symptoms of dizziness and nausea, five were not found in any of the tested cans.

　　3.The chemists did find small amounts of the three remaining suspected chemicals but pointed out that these occur naturally in all canned foods."

　　开头段

　　那么开头段就可以先简要重述一下作者的结论和论据：

　　Based on the results of chemical analysis of the sample, Promofoods drawn the conclusion that the canned tuna was not responsible for their consumers' dizziness and nausea.

　　接下来就需要根据根据题目下方的具体指令概括一下你下文将要写的点。我们课上讲过根据题目指令可以将 Argument 分成四种类型：evidence, question, assumption, explanation。那么接下来我们仍然用这道题来讲解四种不同类型的开头段应该怎么去写。

　　Question 类型

　　这道题本身是 question 类型的题目，那开头段接下来就可以这么写：

　　In order to fully evaluate this argument, we need to ask a number of questions about XXX, XXX, and XXX. (XXX 为你下文三个主体段要分析的 questions，比如这道题就可以写：检测方法是什么、检测人是否客观、是否存在其他引起头晕恶心的原因……)

　　Evidence 类型

　　如果这道题是 evidence 类型的题目，就可以写：

　　To evaluate the argument, more evidence about XXX, XXX, and XXX(下文三个主体段要写的具体 evidence)is needed.

　　Assumption 类型

　　如果这道题是 assumption 类型的题目，就可以写：

　　A number of assumptions have been made about XXX, XXX, and XXX.(下文三个主体段要写的具体 assumptions)We need to examine these assumptions carefully to decide if the argument is reasonable.

　　Explanation 类型

　　如果这道题是 explanation 类型的题目，就可以写：

　　While XXXX(作者的解释), there are a number of alternative explanations we need to take into account when evaluating the argument.

　　结尾段

　　结尾段首先对你上文写的点进行简单总结，也可以加上解决办法 / 建议：

　　Question 类型

　　In conclusion, more questions anout XXX, XXX, and XXX are needed to evaluate the soundness of the argument. More in-depth analyses are necessary to see whether canned tuna from Promofoods did pose a health risk or not.

　　Evidence 类型

　　In conclusion, we need more evidence anout XXX, XXX, and XXX to see whether canned tuna from Promofoods did pose a health risk or not.

　　Assumption 类型

　　In conclusion, the above-mentioned assumptions made by the author can be unwarranted. More information needs to be gathered to examine these assumptions in order to reach a more accurate and reliable conclusion.

　　Explanation 类型

　　In conclusion, we need more information about XXXX to decide which explanations were the most appropriate for the observed facts.

　　开头段和结尾段包含的基本内容就是这些，具体的写法(包括句型、用词等)大家可以根据自己的习惯调整，形成自己的模板。