日本的建筑师把建筑当作活的有机体

In 1952, Japan faced newfound autonomy. The American occupation following World War II ended, and as the decade progressed, the devastating effects of the atomic bomb -- both physical and psychological -- began to recede into the country's past.

1952年，日本面临着新的自治。美国的占领随着而战的结束而结束，随着十年的发展，原子弹的毁灭性影响——无论是生理上的还是心理上的——开始消退，成为这个国家的过去。

Japanese architects saw possibilities for rebuilding. As they learned about the Western, modernist principles that were beginning to enter their schools, these architects also considered how to preserve their own pre-war culture. A new movement, Metabolism, emerged from this view.

日本建筑师看到了重建可能性。当他们了解到西方现代主义原则开始进入他们的学校，这些建筑师也考虑如何保存自己战前的文化。一种新的运动——新陈代谢——从这个观点中诞生了。

In their conceptual manifesto, "Metabolism 1960: Proposals for a New Urbanism," the Metabolist founders used biological metaphors to call for buildings capable of regeneration.

在他们的概念宣言《1960年新陈代谢:新城市主义的提议》中，新陈代谢学创始人使用生物学隐喻来呼吁建造能够再生的建筑。

"We regard human society as a vital process -- a continuous development from atom to nebula," they wrote. "The reason why we use such a biological word, the metabolism, is that we believe design and technology should be a denotation of human vitality." They thought of different building elements as cells and considered the DNA of their own projects.

“我们认为人类社会是一个至关重要的过程——从原子到星云的持续发展，”他们写道。“我们之所以使用代谢这个生物学术语，是因为我们相信设计和技术应该是人类活力的象征。”他们认为不同的建筑元素就像细胞，并考虑他们自己项目的DNA。

The Metabolist architects debuted their new ideas at Tokyo's 1960 World Design Conference. Kenzo Tange, who was influenced by Le Corbusier and mentored many figures in the group, also proposed a new design to expand Tokyo's housing: a series of interlocking loops of highway that would extend across Tokyo Bay and increase mobility.

这位新陈代谢学家兼建筑师在1960年东京世界设计大会上首次提出了他们的新想法。受到勒柯布西耶影响的田庄贤三在团队中指导了许多人，他还提出了一种扩大东京住宅的新设计:一系列相互连接的高速公路环线，将横跨东京湾，增加流动性。

Though Tange's design was never realized, scholar Hyunjung Cho has written that it was radical because of its concept of the city "not as hardware but as software in preparation for the nascent information society." Tange's design focused more on mutability and less on a finalized structure: His decentralized plan was just a starting point -- his design would support future housing projects without congesting a city center.

尽管田庄贤三的设计从未实现，学者Hyunjung Cho写道，它是彻底的，因为它的城市概念“不是作为硬件，而是作为软件，为新生的信息社会做准备”。田庄贤三的设计更多地关注可变性，而不是最终的结构:他的分散化计划只是一个起点——他的涉及将支持未来的住房项目，而不会使城市中心拥挤不堪。